AQA GCSEA LEVEL Chemistry ATOMIC STRUCURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE Elements The Periodic Table Compounds Word Equations Symbol Equations State Symbols Separating Mixtures Filtration Crystallisation Distillation Fractional Distillation Paper Chromatography Dalton's Atomic Theory Discovery of the Electron J.J. Thompson's Plum Pudding Model Discovery of Nucleus Evidence for Electrons in Shells Discovery of the Neutron The Nucleus Atomic Number Mass Number Isotopes Electronic Structure Groups in the Periodic Table Reactivity of Group 1 Alkali Metals Group 0 Noble Gases Development of the Periodic Table Mendeleev's Periodic Table Groups in the Periodic Table Metals Stability of Noble Gases Alkali Metals Reaction with Oxygen Alkali Metals - Physical Properties Alkali Metals Reaction with Water Alkali Metals Reaction with Chlorine Group 7 - The Halogens Reactivity - Group 7 the Halogens Halogen Displacement Reactions Reactivity within Groups Transition Metals Transition Metals - Reaction with Oxygen Transition Metals - Reaction with Chlorine Transition Metal Ions Transition Metals as Catalysts BONDING, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER Liquids Gases Changes of State Limitations of the Particle Model Forming Compounds Positive Ions Negative Ions Ionic Bonding Ionic Lattices Properties of Ionic Compounds Covalent Bonding Structure of Simple Molecules Simple Molecules Giant Covalent Structures Carbon - Diamond Carbon Graphite Fullerene Graphene Metallic Bonding Properties of Metals Alloys Nanoscience Uses of Nanoparticles Possible Risks of Nanotechnology Relative Atomic Mass QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY Relative Formula Mass The Mole Balancing Equations Reacting Masses and Limiting Reactants Percentage Yield Factors affecting %yield: Atom Economy Concentration in g/dm3 Titrations Concentration in mol/dm3 Volumes of Gases CHEMICAL CHANGES Reacting Metals with Water Reacting Metals with Dilute Acid Displacement Reactions Displacement Reactions : Ionic Equations Hydrogen in the Reactivity Series Carbon in the Reactivity Series Oxidation Reduction Extraction of Metals Extraction of Copper Reduction by Carbon Reduction by Hydrogen Salts Reactions of Acids with Metals CHEMICAL CHANGES ENERGY CHANGES Endothermic Reactions Investigating the Temperature Change in a Reaction Uses of Exothermic Reactions Uses of Endothermic Reactions Activation Energy Reaction Profile Diagram Exothermic Reactions Reaction Profile Diagram Endothermic Reactions Bond Breaking and Bond Formation Bond Energy Calculating the Energy Change of A Reaction Chemical Cells ( Batteries) Fuel Cells Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells THE RATE AND EXTENT OF A CHEMICAL CHANGE Measuring the Rate of Decrease in Mass Measuring the Rate at which a Gas is Produced Measuring the Rate at which a Precipitate is Formed. Collision Theory The Rate of Reaction and Surface Area The Rate of Reaction and Temperature The Effect of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction. The Effect of Pressure on the Rate of Reaction. Catalysts The Use of Catalysts in Industry Reversible Reactions Examples of Reversible Reactions Dynamic Equilibrium Le Chatelier's Principle The Effect of Temperature on Reversible Reactions The Effect of Pressure on Reversible Reactions ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Crude Oil Alkanes Properties of Hydrocarbons Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Crude Oil Fractions Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion Cracking Hydrocarbons Alkenes Functional Group Homologous Series Test for Alkenes Combustion of Alkenes Addition Reactions of Alkenes Reaction of Alkenes with Halogens Reaction of Alkenes with Hydrogen Reaction of Alkenes with Steam Alcohols Formulae Combustion of Alcohols Reaction of Alcohols with Sodium Mild Oxidation of Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Esters Making Esters Polymers Addition Polymers Condensation Polymers Polyester Nylon Natural Polymers - Polysaccharides Natural Polymers -Proteins CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Purity Fixed Points Melting Points of Mixtures Formulations Medicinal Drugs Paints Cleaning Agents Chromatography Paper Chromatography Identifying Unknown Substances Rf Value Producing Gases Collecting Gases Testing for Gases Identifying Metal Ions Flame Tests Precipitation Tests with Sodium Hydroxide Ionic Equations Tests for Negative Ions Test for Carbonates Test for Halides Test for Sulfates Instrumental Methods Flame Emission Spectroscopy CHEMISTRY POF THE ATMOSPHERE Evidence for Early Atmosphere One Theory about Early Atmosphere Oceans Alternative Theory Stabilising Atmosphere Life Photosynthesis Plants Animals Early microorganisms Carbon in Rocks Fossil Fuels Coal Crude Oil and Natural Gas Carbon Dioxide Dissolved in Oceans Carbon Cycle Ammonia and Methane The Atmosphere Today Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Effect Fossil Fuels Methane Carbon Sinks Evaluating the Evidence Ice Cores Effect of Increasing Greenhouse Gases Rising Sea Levels Rising Sea Levels Changes in Temperature and Rainfall Changes in the Distribution of Wildlife Solutions Carbon Footprint Carbon Capture and Storage Government Actions Problems Pollution from Fuels Combustion Nitrogen Oxides Particulates USING RESOURCES Renewable Resources Examples of Finite Resources Examples of Renewable Resources Potable Water Dissolved Minerals in Water Treating Water Purifying Salt Water - Desalination Reverse Osmosis Waste Water Sewage treatment Screening Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Final Treatment Use of the Sludge as Fuel or Fertiliser Extracting Copper from Copper-rich Ores Electrolytic Refining Extracting Copper from Low-Grade Ores Bioleaching Phytomining Using Resources Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development Sustainable Development Life cycle assessment Comparative LCAs Plastic and Paper Shopping Bags. Reduction in Use Re-using and Recycling Rusting and Corrosion Oxide Layers and Sacrificial Protection Alloy Glass Ceramic Polymers Poly(ethene) Thermosoftening and Thermosetting Polymers Composite Re-inforced Concrete Fibreglass and Carbon fibre reinforced polymer(CFRP) Chipboard Properties of Materials Nitrogen Based Fertilisers The Haber Process Conditions for the Haber Process Obtaining Hydrogen for Haber Process Obtaining Nitrogen for the Haber Process The Effect of Pressure Compromise Conditions Making Fertilisers in the Lab Making Ammonium Sulfate in the Lab Making Ammonium Sulfate in the Lab Making NPK Fertilser in Industry Making NPK Fertilser in Industry GCSE Chemistry Physics ENERGY Energy Transfers. Closed System. Conservation of Energy. A Falling Object. Bungee Jumping. Work Done. Work Done to Overcome Friction. Brake Pads. Meteorites. Work Done against the Force of Gravity. Gravitational Potential Energy Store. Kinetic Energy Stores. Hooke's Law. Elastic Potential Energy Stores. Useful Energy. Wasted Energy. Friction in Machines. Energy Efficiency. Improving Efficiency. Electrical Appliances. Power. Efficiency and Power. Wasted Power. Thermal Conductivity. Insulators. The Rate of Energy Transfer. Energy from the Sun. Infra-red Radiation. Black Body Radiation. Intensity of Black Body Radiation. Global Warming. Specific Heat Capacity. Measuring Specific Heat Capacity. Storage Heaters. Storage Heaters. Reducing Energy Transfer from Homes. Loft Insulation. Cavity Wall Insulation. Aluminium Foil. Double Glazed Windows. Thick External Walls. Generating Electricity. Biofuels. Biodiesel. Ethanol. Nuclear Fuel. Wind Power. Wave Power. Hydroelectric Power. Tidal Power. Severn Estuary. Solar Energy. Solar Power Tower. Geothermal Energy. Problems with Fossil Fuels. Carbon Capture and Storage. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power. Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy. Supply and Demand. Comparing the Cost of Sources of Electricity. ELECTRICITY PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER Measuring Density. Three States of Matter. Changes of State - Conservation of Mass. Kinetic Theory of Matter. Changes of State. Changes of State - Latent Heat. Evaporation. Latent Heat of Fusion. Latent Heat of Vaporisation. Latent Heat of Vaporisation. Internal Energy. Kinetic Theory. Pressure. Brownian Motion. Boyle's Law. Absolute Temperature. Charles' Law. Pressure Law. ATOMIC STRUCTURE Rutherford's Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment. Nuclear Model of the Atom. Chadwick's Discovery of the Neutron and Isotopes. Radioactivity. Alpha Radiation. Beta Radiation. Gamma Radiation. Neutron Emission. Dangers of Radioactivity. Uses of Radioactivity. Activity. Half Life. Radioactive Tracers. Gamma Cameras. Cancer Treatment with Gamma Radiation. Radioactive Implants. Background Radiation. Reducing Risk - Radioactivity. Nuclear Fission. Fissionable Isotopes. Nuclear Reactor. Nuclear Fusion. Fusion Reactors. Nuclear Waste. Chernobyl and Fukushima. New Nuclear Reactors. Effect on Human Health. FORCES Vector Quantities. Vector Diagrams. Newton's Third Law of Motion. Motive Force. Newton's First Law of Motion. Newton's Second Law of Motion. Free-body Force Diagrams. Levers. The Moment of a Force. Gears. Centre of Mass. Principle of Moments. Parallelogram of Forces. Resolving Forces. Equilibrium. Speed. Velocity. Distance-Time Graph. Acceleration. Deceleration. Speed-Time Graph. Displacement. Velocity-Time Graph. Investigating Acceleration. Newton's Second Law F = ma. Inertia. Mass and Weight. Terminal Velocity. Stopping Distance. Thinking Distance. Braking Distance. Factors Affecting Stopping Distance. Momentum. Principle of Conservation of Momentum. Collisions vs Explosions. Vehicle Collisions. Car Safety. Road Safety. Elastic Objects. Hooke's Law. Rubber and Polythene. Pressure. Pressure of a Liquid. Atmospheric Pressure. Upthrust. Flotation. Comparing Densities. WAVES AND OPTICS Transverse Waves. Longitudinal Waves. Amplitude. Time Period. Frequency. Wavelength. Ripple Tank. Reflection. Refraction. Waves Travelling through a Medium. Investigating Sound Waves. Sound Waves. The Ear. Echo Sounding. Ultrasound Scanners. Use of Ultrasound Waves. Structure of the Earth. Seismic Waves. P-waves. S-waves. L-waves. Evidence for Structure of the Earth. Electromagnetic Waves. Electromagnetic Spectrum. The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves. Electromagnetic Waves - Energy and Frequency. Visible Light. Digital Cameras. Infra-red Radiation. Uses of Infra-red Radiation. Microwaves. Radio Waves. Radio Communications. Radio Communications. Mobile Phones. Signals. Optical Fibre Communications. Ultraviolet Radiation. X-rays and Gamma rays.. Use of Gamma Radiation.. Ionising Radiation. X-rays in Medicine.. Radiation Dose. Reflection. Image formed by a Plane Mirror. Real and Virtual Images. Specular and Diffuse Reflection. Refraction. Colour. Colour Filters. Primary Colours. Colour of Surfaces. Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Objects. Lenses. Convex Lenses. Concave Lenses. Magnification. Formation of A Real Image by a Convex Lens. The Camera. Formation of a Virtual Image by a Convex Lens. Formation of a Virtual Image By A Concave Lens. MAGNETISM Magnetic Fields. Induced Magnetism. Current-Carrying Wire. Solenoids. Electromagnets. Circuit Breakers. Electric Bells. The Relay. The Motor Effect. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule. Magnetic Flux Density. Magnetic Force F. Electric Motor. ELECTROMAGNETISM The Alternator. Generating Alternating Current. The Dynamo. Moving Coil Microphone . Moving Coil Loudspeaker . Transformers . Practical Transformers . Transformer Efficiency . The National Grid. SPACE PHYSICS The Birth of a Star. Main Sequence Stars. The Earth. Life Cycle of a Star. How Elements are Formed. Neutron Star. Black Hole. The Sun. Orbits. Satellites. Red Shift. Expanding Universe. The Big Bang. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. The Fate of the Universe. 1 Biology CELL BIOLOGY Magnification Light Microscope Resolving Power Microscopes Animal Cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Plant Cells Chloroplasts Cellulose Cell wall Vacuole Cell Specialisation Nerve Cells Muscle Cells Sperm Cells Root Hair Cells Palisade Mesophyll Xylem Phloem Diffusion The Rate of Diffusion Diffusion in Living Organisms Adaptations for Diffusion Osmosis Osmosis in Animals Osmosis in Plants Active Transport Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio Adaptations of Exchange Surfaces Adaptations of Exchange Surfaces ORGANISATION Mitosis Differentiation - Animal Cells Differentiation - Plant Cells Stem Cells Use of Stem Cells Tissue Culture Problems Using Embryonic Stem Cells The Future of Stem Cell Research The Future of Stem Cell Research Tissues Organs Organ Systems The Digestive System The Digestive System Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Functions of Proteins Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum (Small Intestine) Ileum (Small Intestine) Large Intestine Enzymes Metabolic Reactions Effect of Temperature on Enzymes Effect of pH on Enzyme Action. Enzyme Question The Liver Components of Blood Blood Plasma Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets The Heart The Heart Arteries Veins Comparing Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. Capillaries Double Circulatory System Coronary Heart Disease Heart Bypass Surgery Statins Leaky Valves Artificial Pacemakers Artificial Hearts Efficient Gas Exchange System The Gas Exchange System Ventilation The Lungs Alveoli Plant Tissues Plant Organs Plant Organ Systems Transport in Plants Xylem Phloem Transpiration Water Loss in Plants The Effect of The Environment on Transpiration Controlling Water Loss Measuring the Rate of Transpiration INFECTION AND RESPONSE How Pathogens Cause Disease How Pathogens Spread Disease Risk Factors Growing Bacteria in the Lab. Preventing Bacterial Growth Semmelweis Preventing the Spread of Communicable Diseases Measles HIV/AIDS Vaccination Tobacco Mosaic Virus Human Fungal Diseases Rose Black Spot Malaria Preventing Malaria Preventing the Entry of Microorganisms The Immune System Aphids Mineral Deficiency in Plants Detecting Disease in Plants Plant Defence against Pests and Pathogens Vaccination Herd Immunity Antibiotics Drugs Drugs in the Future Drug Development Double Blind Trials Monoclonal Antibodies Pregnancy Tests Using Monoclonal Antibodies Treatment of Disease Advantages and Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies Disease Risk Factors Causal Mechanisms Impact of Non-communicable Diseases Cancer Cells Malignant Tumours Causes of Cancer Ionising Radiation Treating Cancer Nicotine Carbon Monoxide Smoking During Pregnancy Carcinogens Smoking and the Heart Diet and Exercise Alcohol Alcohol and Liver Disease Alcohol and Brain Damage Alcohol and Pregnancy BIOENERGETICS Leaf Adaptations Limiting Factors Light Temperature Carbon Dioxide Concentration Chlorophyll Levels in Leaves How Plants Use Glucose Cellulose Starch Plants Make Amino-acids Carnivorous Plants Plants Make Lipids Greenhouses Aerobic Respiration Energy from Respiration Muscles Exercise Anaerobic Respiration Muscle Fatigue Oxygen Debt Anaerobic Respiration in Plants, Yeast and Bacteria Metabolic Reactions The Role of the Liver Homeostasis Body Temperature Blood Glucose Concentration Water Content of the Body Co-ordination and Control Receptors Co-ordination Centres Effectors Nervous System Neurones Reflex Actions Reflex Arc Synapses Brain Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Studying the Brain The Human Eye Focusing the Light onto the Retina Accomodation Defects of the Eye Correcting Eye Defects The Endocrine System The Pituitary Gland Insulin Glucagon Diabetes Treating Type 1 Diabetes Curing Type 1 Diabetes Treating Type 2 Diabetes Negative Feedback Thyroxine Adrenaline Hormones and Puberty The Menstrual Cycle Female Fertility Testosterone and Puberty in Males Contraception Spermicides Barrier Methods Abstinence Surgical Methods Infertility In Vitro Fertilisation IVF Advantages and Disadvantages of Fertility Treatment Storing Eggs Tropic Responses Auxin Uses of Auxins Gibberellins Ethene Temperature Regulation Cooling the Body Keeping the Body Warm Excretion Urea Water and Mineral Ions Function of the Kidneys How the Kidneys Work ADH and Osmoregulation Kidney Damage Dialysis Kidney Transplants Dialysis vs Transplant INHERITANCE, VARIATION AND EVOLUTION Sexual Reproduction Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction Meiosis Fertilisation Variation Reproduction in Fungi Reproduction in Plants Reproduction In Malaria Parasites DNA The human genome The importance of understanding the human genome DNA Structure Protein Synthesis Protein Structure and Function Gene Expression Mutation Gene Allele Homozygote Heterozygote Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive Genetic Crosses Sex Determination Family Trees Polydactyly Huntingdon's disease Cystic Fibrosis Curing Genetic Disorders Genetic Variation Variation due to the Environment Causes of Variation Combined Investigating Variation Twin Studies Natural Selection Mutation Evolution and Survival of the Fittest Oysters Selective Breeding Problems with Selective Breeding Bananas Inbreeding Genetic Engineering Uses of Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Crops Increasing Yield and Nutritional Content Withstanding Adverse Conditions Resistance to Pests and Disease Resistance to Herbicides The Future of GM Crops Benefits of Genetic Engineering Concerns about Genetic Engineering Golden Rice Cloning Cloning Plants Cloning Animals Adult Cell Cloning Adult Cell Cloning Benefits of Adult Cell Cloning ECOLOGY Gregor Mendel Monohybrid Inheritance Discovery of DNA Structure of DNA Lamarck's Theory of Evolution Problems with Lamarck's Ideas Charles Darwin Darwin's Theory of Evolution Evidence The Origin of Species Objections to Darwin's Theory Alfred Wallace Speciation Geographical Isolation Environmental Isolation Fossil Evidence for Evolution A Incomplete Record The Fossil Record Extinction Organisms that Cause Extinction Environmental Changes Large Scale Extinction Dinosaurs - Asteroid Impact Theory Dinosaurs - Global Warming Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Preventing More Resistant Strains MRSA Reducing the Spread of MRSA Future Medicines Classification The Six Kingdoms Species Naming Different Organisms Three Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes Evolutionary Trees Pandas Communities Stable Communities Ecosystems Species Interdependence Abiotic factors Light Intensity Temperature Soil pH, Mineral Content, Moisture Levels and Wind Intensity Biotic Factors Availability of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Species Distribution and Species Abundance Quadrat Obtaining a Random Area for Sampling Transect Competition in Animals Competition for Food Competition for Territory Competition for a Mate Successful Competition Competition in Plants Plant Adaptations that Avoid Competition Seed Dispersal Plant Adaptations for Survival and Reproduction Animal Adaptations for Survival Extremophiles Types of Adaptations Camouflage Adaptations for Cold Climates Adaptations for Dry Climates Plant Adaptations for Dry Climates Feeding Relationships Food Chains Predator-Prey Relationships Decomposers The Water Cycle The Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Air Conditions for Decay Compost Biodiversity Human Population Growth Effect on Land and Resources Managing Waste Polluting Land Polluting Water Bioaccumulation Measuring Pollution in Water Acid Rain Effects of Acid Rain Reducing Acid Rain Smoke Smog Deforestation Reasons for Deforestation Destruction of Peat Bogs The Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Effect of Global Warming Seasonal Changes Geographical Changes KEY IDEAS Impact of Human Interaction The Changing Bird Population of Britain Captive Breeding Programmes Protection and Regeneration of Habitats Field margins and Hedgerows Reduction of Deforestation Reduction fo Carbon Dioxide Emissions Recycling Trophic Levels Decomposers Biomass Pyramids of Biomass Incident Energy Biomass Lost in Faeces Biomass Lost in Waste Energy Used to Maintain Body Temperature Detritivores and Decomposers Food Security An Increasing Birth Rate Changing Diets in Developed Countries New Pests and Pathogens Environmental Changes Cost of Agricultural Inputs Conflicts Sustainable Food production Food Chains and Food Production Artificially Managed food Production Intensive Farming Fish Farming Managing the Oceans Overfishing Biotechnology GCSE Biology